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Archaeological potentialMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "No archaeological works have been conducted in the medinas at this stage, and little scientific data concerning the medieval period exists. There are gaps in the understanding of the historical origins and evolution of the cities of the archipelago, as most information derives from anthropological evidence." (Ab Ev)
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Built in the 14th centuryMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "The medinas developed from earlier urban nuclei that emerged around at least the 11th (...). These early nuclei, through political and territorial organisation, evolved into city-states around the 14th-15th century (...). The sultanate period (approximately 14th-15th to 19th century) in the Comoros left strong historical marks on the urbanisation of cities and the construction of urban spaces." / "ICOMOS notes that the proposed justification is centred on the period of sultanates in the Comoros, between the 14th-15th and 19th centuries (...)." (Ab Ev)
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Built or owned by FrenchMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – The Comoros were under French suzerainty from 1841 until their independence in 1975. (
Wikipedia)
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CemeteriesMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Component part 5: Mutsamudu (Sultanate of Ndzuwani): "The central place of the medina adjoins the Binti Ankil Royal Cemetery, which preserves fine examples of Shirazi-style pyramid tombs." / Component part 6: Domoni (Sultanate of Ndzuwani): "Among other important features of the city are the cemetery with Shirazi tombs (...)." (AB Ev)
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Coral MasonryMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "Based on the nomination dossier, and according to the State Party, the key attributes of the proposed Outstanding Universal Value are: (...) decorative elements of the urban fabric (carved doors, decorated beams, zidaka-niches, coral and volcanic stone masonry) (...)." (AB Ev)
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Human MigrationMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "(...) the medinas showcase insular urban forms and architectural expressions that resulted from cultural exchanges related to migration and Indian Ocean trade networks (...)." (AB Ev)
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Indian OceanMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "The nominated medinas are exceptional architectural ensembles that developed as city-states in the context of the Indian Ocean maritime trade networks (...)." (AB Ev)
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Located in a Capital CityMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Component part 1: Moroni (Sultanate of Bambao) lies in Moroni (Capital of the Comoros) (AB Ev)
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Located in a Former CapitalMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Component part 4: Ikoni (Sultanate of Bambao): "Ikoni (...) played the role of the traditional capital of the Bambao sultanate in the 17th-18th century." / Component part 5: Mutsamudu & Component part 6: Domoni: "For most of the time, a single sultanate existed on the island [of Ndzuwani], with the capital (mdji wayezi) moving from Sima to Domoni and in 1792 to Mutsamudu." (AB Ev)
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MedinaMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Medinas of the Historic Sultanates / "The (...) serial property is composed of six sites, which retain vestiges of six historic cities, or medinas, locally known as mdji (space of social life) or mdji wayezi ("town of power", political centre of the sultanate)." (AB Ev)
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Notable mosquesMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Component part 6: Domoni (Sultanate of Ndzuwani): "The medina hosts one of the oldest mosques in the Comoros (Msiri wa Shirazi), founded originally in the 11th century but rebuilt at the same place several times over the centuries; the current building dates to the 14th century. It has two mihrabs." (AB Ev)
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Reconstruction regarded as unsatisfactoryMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "The medina of Moroni (component part 1) still has a legible layout but a very heterogeneous built environment. The major mosques are maintained but often modernised at the expense of their material authenticity. (...) The combination of unsecured ruins, modern reconstructions, and additional structures built within the ceremonial plazas make Ikoni a particularly vulnerable component part." / "(...) the authenticity of the material fabric of the historic cities has been partly compromised, particularly where concrete reconstructions have been carried out." (AB Ev)
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Role of WomenMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "The urban landscape of the nominated cities has preserved a dense urban morphology and rich architectural heritage that bear witness to the social system of the matrilineal and Muslim society of the Comoros and the distinctive social institutions that developed here, which give meaning and significance to the urban fabric of the historic cities." / "The hierarchical social structures of the Comorian society, based on a synthesis of matrilineal and matrilocal customs and patrilineal Islamic traditions, are reflected in the urban organisation of the medinas, which serve as a setting for social life and celebrations that mark the stages of life of men and women, and which in turn give the tangible heritage its meaning." / "Through their urban morphology and rich architectural heritage, the medinas reflect the social system of the matrilineal and Muslim society of the Comoros." (Ab Ev)
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Sea PortsMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Component part 1: Moroni (Sultanate of Bambao): "The dhow port (kalaweni) and small traditional fishing ports (iko) are still in use today." (AB Ev)
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Situated in one of the SIDSMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Comoros
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SufismMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "The six medinas (...) include typical elements of the mdji/mdji wayezi, i.e., (...) zawiyas (meeting places of the followers of different Sufi brotherhoods used for prayer) (...)." (AB Ev)
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Swahili cultureMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – "The nominated serial property demonstrates the distinctive cultural contribution of the archipelago to the Swahili world. The cultural traditions and social practices of the populations of the Comoros bear witness to the remarkable continuity of this pivotal civilisation of the coast of East Africa and the Indian Ocean." / "The nominated medinas (...) offer a coherent overview of the historical evolution of the centuries-old Swahili cities in the Comoros (...)." / "The different architectural typologies reflect the characteristics of the Swahili cultural orbit and the Islamic traditions introduced by the Arabs and Shirazis." / The Medinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros (...) represent examples of insular Swahili urbanism, fully embedded in the local social, geographical, and environmental context." (AB Ev)
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Walled citiesMedinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros – Component part 2: Ntsudjini (Sultanate of Itsandra): "The medina consists of two main neighbourhoods, Mdrabwani and Mdradjuwu, and has preserved almost its entire city wall, which is the longest in the archipelago. The ramparts include seven gates, eight of the eleven original watchtowers, and one storage facility." (AB Ev)