Mt Kumgang (DPRK)Damaged in War Since WWII"During the Korean War (1950-1953) many Buddhist temples and hermitages were lost or severely damaged." - AB Evaluation
Guided Tour Only"All visits to the site are guided and strictly controlled." - IUCN Evaluation "All visitors must be accompanied by guides, including Buddhists who visit for religious purposes. The maximum number of tourists in a tour group is fifty. The tour guides are responsible for the safety of the visitors and for the provision of information." - AB Evaluation
Sacred Mountain"In addition to its scenic beauty, Mount Kumgang is considered to be an important sacred mountain within the Buddhist world." - AB Evaluation
Cretaceous"The underlying geology of Mt. Kumgang is dominated by the Mesozoic Cretaceous Kumgansan granite batholith (92-112 million years old)." - IUCN Evaluation
Built in the 6th Century"The nominated property includes Buddhist temples and hermitage sites dating from the 6th to the 20th century." - AB Evaluation
On Banknotes5 Won - 1978. Mount Gumgang1 Won - 1992. Mount GumgangThree Kingdoms of KoreaOf the 'Four Great Temples of Mount Kumgang' 3 were founded by Silla, one under Goguryeo "The temples within the nominated property were established in the 6th and 7th century CE, namely the Phyohun Temple (670), Jongyang Temple (600), Singye Temple (519), Podok Hermitage (627) and Pulji Hermitage (666)." - AB Evaluation
GoryeoMyogilsang Buddhist Statue (15m high), is the 102nd national treasure of North Korea "The 14th century Myogilsang and Sambul Rock feature some of the largest Buddha sculptures in the Korean Peninsula." - AB Evaluation
Fusion"Many of the historic sites, scenic spots and stone calligraphy also reflect a fusion of Buddhism with Taoism and local indigenous beliefs. Mount Kumgang is an associative cultural landscape where there is a complex and intertwined relationship between the distinctive landforms and scenery, and the long history of Buddhism, pilgrimage and traditions of mountain worship in the Korean peninsula." - AB Evaluation
Taoism"Some of the cultural heritage attributes also contain evidence of the intermingling of Buddhism with Taoism and local spirituality, such as mountain gods, the Great Bear, and wild animals." - AB Evaluation
Rock Cut Architecture"The 14th century
Myogilsang and Sambul Rock feature some of the largest Buddha sculptures in the Korean Peninsula." - AB Evaluation
Stelae"The stele and stupa of Sosan, a key figure in the history of Korean Buddhism from the 17th century is also found within the nominated property." - AB Evaluation
Named After a Mountain"Mount Kumgang (or "Diamond Mountain") is a mountainous landscape which is nominated for its cultural and natural heritage values." - AB Evaluation
World Biosphere Reserve"Mount Kumgang was designated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2018." - AB Evaluation
Mixed and Cultural LandscapeAssociative CL "Mount Kumgang is an associative cultural landscape where there is a complex and intertwined relationship between the distinctive landforms and scenery, and the long history of Buddhism, pilgrimage and traditions of mountain worship in the Korean peninsula." - AB Evaluation
Potential Transboundary SitesSeoraksan National Park (Republic of Korea)
Lagoons"Although there are relatively few potential attributes in component part 002 (Samil Lagoon), historical texts indicate that the area has been a popular place for Buddhist practices, and the Mongchon hermitage site has functional links to the Buddhist sites in component part 001." - AB Evaluation
Poetic Quotations"This area is also the place where Yang Sa On (1517-1584), one of the three most famous calligraphers of the Korean Peninsula, practised his calligraphy. He left his poem praising the beauty of Samil Lagoon carved on the rock next to the place where he practised his calligraphy." - AB Evaluation "He was fond of landscapes of a Taoist mood like Geumgangsan Mountain and loathed mundane constraints." -
KHS 'Calligraphy of Yang Sa Eon'Literature"The landscape setting of steep granite peaks, rock formations, waterfalls and pools are integral to the long traditions of Buddhist pilgrimage, and the many famed literary and artistic representations of Mount Kumgang. The intangible cultural heritage of this landscape is further reflected in the naming of key features, poems and folk tales." - AB Evaluation
Granite Rock Formations"The landscape setting of steep granite peaks, rock formations, waterfalls and pools are integral to the long traditions of Buddhist pilgrimage, and the many famed literary and artistic representations of Mount Kumgang." - AB Evaluation
Legends and Folk MythsNumerous tales about "Tigers of the Kumgang Mountains" "Mount Kumgang is a place associated with mountain legends and fairy tales, folk songs, poems, and drawings, including works of many famous writers and artists." - AB Evaluation
Upstream Process - 2018
Sea of Japan"Uninterrupted vistas from Mt. Kumgang's ridgetops to the coastline attest to the intimate relationship of the property to the sea." - IUCN Evaluation
PagodaSilla-dynasty stone pagoda at Singye Temple "There are three 9th century stone pagodas within the nominated property." - AB Evaluation
Wooden Architecture"Wooden structures such as the Phyohun Temple, Jongyang Temple, Podok Hermitage, Pulji Hermitage, and Chilsong Shrine of Mahayon Buddhist School site exhibit a high degree of authenticity in relation to the proposed Outstanding Universal Value." - AB Evaluation
Visual Effects of Cloud, Fog, and Mist"The mountain's dramatic impact is enhanced through constantly changing weather patterns of mists, rain, sunshine and clouds. The property's arresting landscapes are further transformed by each of the four seasons." - IUCN Evaluation
Bird Migrations"Parts of the nominated property also play an important role as part of the East Asian-Australasian Flyway for migratory shorebirds." - IUCN Evaluation
Women ExplorersIsabella Bird claimed to be the first European Women to visit Mount Kumgang during her extensive visit in 1894 and is believed to have coined the term 'Diamond Mountain'. She visited the Four Great Temples of Mount Kumgang during a multi-day journey. "The first European woman to visit the Keum-Kang San being regarded as a great sight and from early morning till late at night there was no rest." - published in
'Korea and her Neighbours', a narrative of travel, with an account of the vicissitudes and position of the country Chapter 11 Diamond Mountain Monasteries Pg. 133 - 149
Isabella Bird Bird is believed to have coined (or popularized) the phrase Diamond Mountain "From the spirit shrine on the summit a lovely panorama unfolds itself, billows of hilly woodland, gleams of water, wavy outlines of hills, backed by a jagged mountain wall, attaining an altitude of over 6,000 feet in the loftiest pinnacle of the Keum-Kang San. A fair land of promise, truly! But this pass is a rubicon to him who seeks the Diamond Mountain with the intention of immuring himself for life in one of its many monasteries. A description can be only a catalogue. The actuality was intoxicating, a canyon on the grandest scale, with every element of beauty present. Towards evening "The hills swung open to the light"; through the parting branches there were glimpses of granite walls and peaks reddening into glory; red stems, glowing in the slant sunbeams, lighted up the blue gloom of the coniferæ; there were glints of foam from the loud-tongued torrent below; the dew fell heavily, laden with aromatic odors of pines, and as the valley narrowed again and the blue shadows fell the picture was as fair as one could hope to see. On that enchanting May evening, when odors of paradise, the fragrant breath of a million flowering shrubs and trailers, of bursting buds, and unfolding ferns, rose into the cool dewy air, and the silence could be felt, I was not inclined to enter a protest against Korean exaggeration on the ground that the number of peaks is probably nearer 1,200 than 12,000." - published in
'Korea and her Neighbours', a narrative of travel, with an account of the vicissitudes and position of the country Chapter 11 Diamond Mountain Monasteries Pg. 133 - 149
Homer Hulbert "The most famous monasteries in Korea are those in Diamond Mountain, a cluster of peaks near the central eastern part of the peninsula. They are celebrated even in China, and thousands of pilgrims have sought for merit by dragging their weary limbs all the way to this holy place. Several flourishing monasteries are passed on the way up the steep valley, for here, if nowhere else, Buddhism seems to have some show of vitality left." "The Passing of Korea" pg. 292-293
Continued . . .